Personal Pronouns & To Be
Subject pronouns
Cümlenin öznesi olarak kullanılır.
| Subject | Türkçe | Kimin için | Possessive adj. | Türkçe |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | ben | tekil | my | benim |
| you | sen / siz | tekil ve çoğul | your | senin / sizin |
| he | o | erkek | his | onun (erkek) |
| she | o | kadın | her | onun (kadın) |
| it | o | nesne / hayvan | its | onun (nesne / hayvan) |
| we | biz | çoğul | our | bizim |
| they | onlar | çoğul | their | onların |
I, he, she, it tekil; we, you, they çoğul. you hem tekil hem çoğul olabilir.
İsim grubunu zamire çevirme
- dog and cat, people, boys, children, ambulances → they
- sea, beach, basketball, the cinema → it · Selma, my mother, Mrs Coşan → she · Turan, Kayhan, my brother → he
- You and I, Neşe and I → we · Mete and you, Suzan and you → you
Present form of TO BE
Eylem bildiren bir fiilin olmadığı isim cümlelerinde kullanılır. Olumlu cümlede fiil, olumsuz ve soru cümlesinde yardımcı fiil görevindedir; bu yüzden başka bir yardımcı fiil gerekmez.
| Özne | Olumlu | Olumsuz | Soru |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | I am (I’m) | I am not (I’m not) | Am I? |
| He / She / It | he is (he’s) | he is not (isn’t) | Is he? |
| We / You / They | we are (we’re) | we are not (aren’t) | Are we? |
Ne zaman kullanılır?
Uyruk, yaş, meslek, fiziksel veya zihinsel durum, sağlık hakkında bilgi verirken.
The car is very fast. · Ali is in Ankara.
Yapı: Subject + be + complement
Be fiili nesne almaz; arkasından bir tamamlayıcı gelir:
- isim: Can is a dentist.
- sıfat: Ada is very fat.
- edatlı öbek: They are in the garden.
Dikkat
- İki isim + I = we → Leyla and I are friends. My sister and I are in the kitchen.
- Çoğul özne → are: The children are hungry. Tekil özne → is: The nurse is very angry.
- am not kısaltılmaz: I’m not doğru, I amn’t yanlış.
Örnek: I am a student. (Ben bir öğrenciyim.) · They are at home. (Onlar evdeler.) · He isn’t angry. (O kızgın değil.)
Question forms with TO BE
Yes–No soruları
TO BE + subject + complement?
Are you a doctor? — Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
Is Ali from Bursa? — Yes, he is.
WH- soruları
Question word + TO BE + subject?
Where is the bank? — It is near the post office.
How old is Murat? — He is 17 years old.
WH- soruları belirli bilgi ister; yes / no ile cevaplanmaz. Soru kelimeleri: what, where, who, how, how old, whose.
Dikkat: kısa cevap
Olumlu kısa cevapta kısaltma yapılmaz. Yes, I am. Yes, I’m. Olumsuzda kısaltma olur: No, I’m not. / No, he isn’t. / No, they aren’t.
Ülkeler, uyruklar ve meslekler
Soru kalıpları
Where are you from? (Nerelisin?) → I am from Turkey. (ülke)
What nationality are you? (Uyruğun ne?) → I am Turkish. (uyruk)
Meslek sorma
What is your job? · What do you do? · What is your father’s job?
Meslekten önce a / an gelir: a doctor, a teacher, an engineer, an actor, an actress.
| Ülke | Uyruk | Ülke | Uyruk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turkey | Turkish | Africa | African |
| Germany | German | America / the USA | American |
| Italy | Italian | China | Chinese |
| Spain | Spanish | England | English |
| France | French | Iran | Iranian |
| Japan | Japanese | Russia | Russian |
| the UK | British |
Uyruk ekleri genelde -ish, -ian, -ese, -an. Ülke ve uyruk isimleri her zaman büyük harfle yazılır. Örnek: They are from Japan. They are Japanese.
Possessive adjectives
İsimden önce gelir ve bir şeyin kime ait olduğunu gösterir: my father, her car, their classroom.
Kural
İyelik sıfatından sonra mutlaka bir isim gelir. This is my book. This is my.
- This is Tom. His father is a doctor. · This is Mary. Her hair is long and brown.
- Look at the dog. Its tail is very short. · We live in Istanbul. Our house is near the sea.
- They study hard. Their exam marks are excellent. (Onların sınav notları)
Ek materyalde bu cümlenin çevirisi “Onun sınav notları” yazıyor; their = onların olmalı.
Dikkat: his mi her mi?
Türkçede ikisi de “onun”. İngilizcede sahibin cinsiyetine bakılır:
Ahmet’in kız kardeşi → his sister · Ayşe’nin erkek kardeşi → her brother
Dikkat: its mi it’s mi?
its = iyelik sıfatı: The cat drank its milk.
it’s = it is (veya it has): It’s a beautiful day.
Test et: yerine “it is” koyabiliyorsan it’s.
’s, OF ve WHOSE
| Durum | Kural | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Tekil isim / özel isim | sonuna ’s | Murat’s car · the boy’s bike · Tom’s car |
| -s ile biten çoğul | yalnızca kesme ’ | the boys’ bikes · the students’ books · my parents’ house |
| Düzensiz çoğul (-s yok) | tekil gibi ’s | children’s playground |
| -s ile biten isim | ’s veya ’ | Charles’s wife / Charles’ wife |
| Ortak sahiplik | son isme ’s | Seda and Aslı’s mother |
| Ayrı sahiplik | her isme ’s | Seda’s and Aslı’s mothers |
OF: cansızlar arasında
Nesneler, soyut kavramlar, yerler arasındaki ilişki. Sıra Türkçenin tersidir: [nesne] + of + [sahip].
the price of the book · the colour of the car · the door of the house · the capital of Turkey
Hangisi daha uygun?
Eşya → of: the gate of the garden, the roof of the house, the screen of my computer
İnsan → ’s: Ceylan’s eyes, Nuran’s hair, your father’s job
WHOSE: kimin?
Whose car is it? — It is my car.
Whose house is it? — It is Ada’s house. / It is Ada’s.
Whose shoes are they? — They are Ada’s.
Dikkat: ’s mi, is mi?
Ayhan’s father is a doctor. · Ahmet’s friend’s name is very long. · It is my son’s toy. İsimden sonra gelen ’s sahiplik; özneden sonra fiil yerindeki ’s “is”tir.
Family, Adjectives & Have / Has Got
Aile üyeleri
| Kadın | Erkek | Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| grandmother (grandma) | grandfather (grandpa) | büyükanne · anneanne / babaanne – dede |
| mother (mum) | father (dad) | anne – baba · ikisi: parents |
| aunt | uncle | teyze, hala, yenge – amca, dayı, enişte |
| sister | brother | kız – erkek kardeş · genel: sibling |
| daughter | son | kız – erkek çocuk |
| niece | nephew | kız yeğen – erkek yeğen |
| wife | husband | karı – koca · genel: spouse |
| mother-in-law | father-in-law | kayınvalide – kayınpeder |
| granddaughter | grandson | kız torun – erkek torun |
| cousin | cousin | kuzen (iki cinsiyet için aynı) |
Akrabalık zinciri (alıştırmalardan)
- My mother is my father’s wife. · My sister is my father’s daughter.
- My uncle’s wife is my aunt. · My father’s sister is my aunt.
- My son is my father’s grandson. · My wife’s mother is my mother-in-law.
- My uncle’s children are my cousins. · Your parents’ parents are your grandparents.
- My brother’s daughter is my niece; my brother’s son is my nephew.
Slayttaki cevap anahtarında “My uncle’s son is my father’s ___” için cousin yazıyor. Amcamın oğlu benim kuzenimdir ama babamın yeğenidir: doğrusu nephew.
Sıfatlar
Sıfatlar isimleri niteler. Tekil / çoğul hâlleri yoktur: a cheap car → cheap cars (cheaps).
İsimden önce
a cheap car · an easy problem · very good · a blue and white dress
İsimden önce iki sıfat arasına normalde and gelmez: a cheap white car. (İki renk istisna: a blue and white dress.)
To be ve bağlantı fiillerinden sonra
My father is tall. · My brother is clever and handsome.
Burada son sıfattan önce and kullanılır. look, seem, taste, smell, feel, become + sıfat: They look tired. The cake smells bad.
Zıt anlamlılar (opposites)
| small ↔ big | expensive ↔ cheap | noisy ↔ quiet | wide ↔ narrow |
| happy ↔ sad | new ↔ old | dry ↔ wet | easy ↔ difficult |
| full ↔ empty | young ↔ old | untidy ↔ tidy | married ↔ single |
| dirty ↔ clean | poor ↔ rich | fast ↔ slow | short ↔ tall |
| strong ↔ weak | hot ↔ cold | beautiful ↔ ugly | safe ↔ dangerous |
Kişilik ve duygu: kind (kibar), friendly (cana yakın), funny, serious, hard-working (çalışkan), lazy (tembel), happy, sad, tired, angry.
Order of adjectives
Görüş (opinion) sıfatları, olgu (fact) sıfatlarından önce gelir. a, an, the, my, your, this gibi belirleyiciler en başta.
| 1 Opinion | 2 Size | 3 Age | 4 Shape | 5 Colour | 6 Origin | 7 Material | 8 Purpose | Noun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beautiful | yellow | bird | ||||||
| expensive | old | wooden | table | |||||
| big | new | English | car | |||||
| lovely | small | old | house | |||||
| oval | cheese | box | ||||||
| nice | yellow | racing | car |
Kısa formül (A1–A2): Opinion + Size + Age + Colour + NOUN. Örnek: a nice red hat, long black hair, long curly blonde hair. Günlük dilde isimden önce genelde iki-üç sıfat kullanılır.
Have got / Has got
Sahiplik, aile ilişkisi, fiziksel özellik ve hastalık anlatır. Türkçesi “-e sahip olmak / ...si var”.
| Özne | Olumlu | Olumsuz | Soru | Kısa cevap |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have got (’ve got) | haven’t got | Have you got …? | Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. |
| he / she / it | has got (’s got) | hasn’t got | Has she got …? | Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t. |
- I have got a new phone. (Yeni bir telefonum var.) · She has got two brothers. · They have got blue eyes.
- I haven’t got a sister. (Kız kardeşim yok.) · He hasn’t got a car.
- What have you got in your bag? — I’ve got a book and a passport.
Dikkat
- Soruda Have / Has başa gelir, got özneden sonra kalır: Has the woman got a son? Has got the woman a son?
- Kısa cevapta got kullanılmaz: No, I haven’t. No, I haven’t got.
- your brother = he → Has your brother got a car?
- He’s got = he has got; he’s tall = he is tall. Aynı kısaltma, farklı fiil.
Unit 2 Exercise 13’ün anahtarında 4. soru (___ your brother ___ a car?) için A) Have/got yazıyor; doğrusu C) Has/got.
Sağlık sorunları (have got ile)
Suzan has got a toothache. · Has Suzan got the flu? — No, she hasn’t. · He has got a headache. (Başı ağrıyor.)
the flu dışında hepsi a ile kullanılır.
Articles: A / An / The
Altın kurallar
1. Genel anlam
Çoğul veya sayılamayan isimlerle genel konuşurken a/an ya da the kullanılmaz.
Life is hard. · Lions are wild animals.
2. Tekil sayılabilen
Tekil sayılabilen isim tek başına kalmaz; önünde bir belirleyici olur.
a car · the car · my car
3. Meslekler
Tekil meslek isminden önce a/an.
She is a bank manager. · He is an engineer.
| Durum | A / AN | THE |
|---|---|---|
| Anlamı | herhangi bir (belirsiz) | bilinen, belirli o şey |
| Tekil sayılabilen | a pen | the pen |
| Çoğul isim | kullanılmaz | the pens |
| Sayılamayan isim | kullanılmaz | the water |
| İlk kez bahsedilince | kullanılır | kullanılmaz |
| İkinci kez bahsedilince | kullanılmaz | kullanılır |
A / AN
Yalnızca tekil, sayılabilen ve belirli olmayan isimlerle; Türkçesi “bir”.
A: ünsüz SES
a man · a room · a car · a holiday · a university · a European language
AN: ünlü SES
an idea · an umbrella · an egg · an hour · an honest man · an ugly girl
Dikkat: yazılışa değil, okunuşa bak
university “yu” sesiyle başlar → a. hour / honest’ta h okunmaz → an. Sıfat varsa sıfatın ilk sesine bakılır: an apple → a big apple, a child → an unhappy child, a job → an easy job, an exercise → a hard exercise.
- Sınıfın bir örneği
- A car must be insured. · An orange contains vitamin C. · A dog is a loyal animal.
- Belirsiz kişi / şey
- Would you like to see a show? · The train stopped at a station.
- İlk kez bahsetme
- There is a man in the garden. · I’m reading a book now. · I bought a new phone.
- Din / uyruk / meslek
- Gamze is an artist. · Michael is an American.
- Ünlem
- What an exciting film! · What a lovely dress!
- Sınıflandırma
- The play was a comedy. · A car is a vehicle. · A house is a building.
- Sıklık / oran
- once a month · twice an hour · three times a year · 150 miles an hour · 99 pence a kilo
- Bilgi verme
- This is a return ticket.
A/AN mi ONE mı?
a note = herhangi bir not · one note = tam olarak bir tane, fazlası değil.
I have got a problem. · No, I said only one egg, not two eggs. · She has got only one child.
THE
Konuşan ve dinleyen hangi şeyden bahsedildiğini bildiğinde; tekil, çoğul ve sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılabilir.
- İkinci kez bahsetme
- There is a man in the garden. The man is a stranger. · I saw a cat. The cat was sleeping.
- Tek olan şeyler
- the sun · the moon · the earth · the sky · the internet
- Ortamda belli olan
- Pass me the salt, please. · Where’s the phone? — In the kitchen.
- Sıra sayısı · en üstünlük · only · same
- the first floor · the third floor · the best day of my life · the highest mountain · the only leader · the same colour
- Coğrafya
- Okyanus, deniz, nehir, çöl, sıradağ: the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Nile, the Amazon River, the Sahara, the Alps, the Himalayas
- Çoğul / birleşik ülke adları
- the USA · the United States · the Netherlands · the Bahamas · the UK
- Müzik aletleri
- play the violin · play the trumpet
- Çoğul milliyet / aile
- the Chinese · the Browns · the Millers
- Günün bölümleri
- in the morning · in the afternoon · in the evening
- Belirli çoğul / sayılamayan
- The students in this classroom… ↔ genel: Students are… · The butter on the plate… ↔ genel: Butter is made from milk.
- Yer ifadeleri
- in the box · at the door · on the table
Hiçbir tanımlığın gelmediği durumlar
| Durum | Örnek |
|---|---|
| Genel anlamda çoğul / sayılamayan | I love dogs. · Milk is good for your health. · Most children like sweets. · Smoke is a problem in big cities. |
| Soyut isimler (genel) | Life is hard. · Life is sometimes hard. |
| Özel isim, şehir, çoğu ülke, kıta | He lives in London, England. · Germany is in Europe. · Do you still live in Ankara? |
| Tek dağ / tek göl | Mount Everest · Ağrı Dağı · Loch Ness |
| Öğünler | I have breakfast at 8 AM. · What do you have for breakfast? |
| Spor dalları | play volleyball · play tennis |
| Diller, dersler | I speak English. · I’d like to learn Japanese. · history, maths |
| Günler | See you on Wednesday. |
| Malzeme | made of wood · made of glass |
| Bu / şu ve iyelik sıfatlarından önce | this girl · her friends the her friends |
Dikkat: genel mi, belirli mi?
My grandmother likes Ø flowers. (genel) ↔ I love the flowers in your garden. (belirli: senin bahçendekiler)
Ø Books are expensive in my country. ↔ Where shall I put the books?
Unit 3 Exercise 12’nin anahtarında 10. soru (I love ___ flowers in your garden.) için A) a yazıyor. Çoğul isimle a kullanılamaz; doğrusu C) the.
School, university, prison, church, home
Asıl amaç → Ø
The little boy goes to school at 8:30. · He went to prison for domestic violence. · after leaving university · Our children go to school by bus. · I was at home all day.
Binanın kendisi → THE
The little boy goes to the school to play with his friends. · He went to the prison to see his uncle.
Ulaşım: by bus, by car (Ø) · ama belirli otobüs: This morning the bus was late.
Nouns, Numbers, Time & Calendar
Sayılabilen ve sayılamayan isimler
Countable
Tekil ve çoğul olur; tekilde belirleyici gerekir.
a room → two rooms · a pen, a laptop, a child (children), an hour, a city, an island
I saw a man there about an hour ago. · Men love sports, gadgets, food and cars.
Uncountable
Çoğulu yoktur, a/an almaz, fiili tekildir.
Money isn’t everything. · The news is shocking.
- Sıvı ve gaz
- water, milk, oil, juice, soup, blood, air, smoke, rain, snow
- Tanecik / toz
- rice, sugar, salt, flour, sand, dust, pepper
- Hava olayları
- weather, thunder, lightning, sunshine, wind
- Dersler, sporlar
- mathematics, physics, history, football, tennis, chess
- Soyut
- information, advice, knowledge, luck, happiness, time, patience
Dikkat: Türkçede sayılır, İngilizcede sayılmaz
- money (saydığımız şey para birimi: liras, dollars) · bread · furniture (chair, table sayılır) · luggage / baggage (suitcase sayılır)
- advice / information: an advice → a piece of advice
- hair (bütün saç) · news: sonu -s ama tekildir → The news is shocking.
Hem sayılabilen hem sayılamayan
| İsim | Sayılamayan | Sayılabilen |
|---|---|---|
| hair | She has long, blonde hair. (saç) | There are two hairs in my soup! (saç teli) |
| paper | I need some paper. (kâğıt) | I bought a paper. (gazete) · exam papers |
| iron | The bridge is made of iron. (demir) | a new iron (ütü) |
| room | Is there enough room for me? (yer) | Our house has four rooms. (oda) |
| experience | someone with experience (deneyim) | a wonderful experience (anı) |
| glass | made of glass (cam) | a glass of water (bardak) |
| tea | some tea | a tea (bir çay) |
Ölçü kalıpları (measure words)
| a slice / loaf of bread | a bar of chocolate | a bottle / carton of milk |
| a bowl of soup | a box of paper | a can of coke |
| a cup of coffee | a drop of oil | a glass of wine |
| a grain of sand | a jar of honey | a piece of glass |
| a roll of toilet paper | a slice of cheese | a spoonful of salt |
| a tablespoon of sugar | a teaspoon of syrup | a tube of toothpaste |
| an item of clothing | a packet of rice | a kilo of sugar |
Slaytta “a item of clothing” yazıyor; item ünlü sesle başladığı için doğrusu an item of clothing.
Çoğul: maddeyi değil, kabı çoğul yap
two slices of bread · two slice of breads · two bars of chocolate · three bottles of water · two cups of coffee · two jars of honey · two pieces of glass · two tubes of toothpaste · two packets of rice · four loaves of bread · some pieces of advice
Cardinal numbers (asıl sayılar)
| 0 | zero / oh | 11 | eleven | 20 | twenty |
| 1 | one | 12 | twelve | 30 | thirty |
| 2 | two | 13 | thirteen | 40 | forty |
| 3 | three | 14 | fourteen | 50 | fifty |
| 4 | four | 15 | fifteen | 60 | sixty |
| 5 | five | 16 | sixteen | 70 | seventy |
| 6 | six | 17 | seventeen | 80 | eighty |
| 7 | seven | 18 | eighteen | 90 | ninety |
| 8 | eight | 19 | nineteen | 100 | a / one hundred |
| 9 | nine | 21 | twenty-one | 1,000 | a / one thousand |
| 10 | ten | 54 | fifty-four | 1,000,000 | a million |
Yazım tuzakları
- 40 = forty: four’daki u düşer. fourty
- 21–99 arası onluk ile birlik arasına tire: twenty-five, ninety-nine
- hundred / thousand / million -s almaz: three hundred three hundreds
- İngiliz İngilizcesinde yüzlerden sonra and: 125 = one hundred and twenty-five · 3,506 = three thousand, five hundred and six
Ordinal numbers (sıra sayıları)
| 1st | first | 6th | sixth | 11th | eleventh |
| 2nd | second | 7th | seventh | 12th | twelfth |
| 3rd | third | 8th | eighth | 13th | thirteenth |
| 4th | fourth | 9th | ninth | 20th | twentieth |
| 5th | fifth | 10th | tenth | 21st | twenty-first |
- Çoğu sayı
- + th: four → fourth · fourteen → fourteenth
- İlk üç düzensiz
- first · second · third (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
- Harf değişimi
- five → fifth · twelve → twelfth (ve → f) · eight → eighth (yalnız h) · nine → ninth (e düşer)
- -ty ile bitenler
- y → ie + th: twenty → twentieth · thirty → thirtieth · ninety → ninetieth
- Büyük sayılar
- Yalnız son sayı sıra sayısı olur: 21st twenty-first · 32nd thirty-second · 42nd forty-second · 103rd one hundred and third
- Kısaltma
- Sözcüğün son iki harfi: 1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 55th
| Kullanım | Sayı türü | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Yaş, adet | Cardinal | I am 25 years old. · There are sixty seconds in one minute. · I need six eggs. |
| Yıllar | Cardinal (ikiye bölünür) | 1998 = nineteen ninety-eight · 2026 = twenty twenty-six |
| Tarih (gün) | Ordinal | the fourth of July / July the fourth |
| Kat | Ordinal | Our flat is on the fifth floor. |
| Yüzyıl | Ordinal | We live in the 21st (twenty-first) century. |
| Sıralama, derece | Ordinal | his first marathon · in third place · in second place |
| Kral / kraliçe | Ordinal (Roma rakamı) | Elizabeth II = Elizabeth the Second |
Tarih söyleme
- April the fifteenth, nineteen ninety-three.
- The fifteenth of April, nineteen ninety-three.
- 15th April, nineteen ninety-three.
Gün ordinal okunur, yıl ikiye bölünerek: 29 May 1453 → the twenty-ninth of May, fourteen fifty-three · 26 August 1071 → the twenty-sixth of August, ten seventy-one · 23 April 1920 → the twenty-third of April, nineteen twenty.
AD = Anno Domini (milattan sonra) · BC = Before Christ (milattan önce). Slayttaki tarih alıştırmasının anahtarı yalnızca tarihleri tekrarlıyor; yukarıdaki okunuşlar kalıba göre çözüldü.
Saat söyleme
| Kalıp | Örnek | Alıştırmadan |
|---|---|---|
| o’clock | 4:00 → four o’clock | 11:00 → eleven o’clock |
| past (geçiyor, 1–30 dk) | 10:10 → ten past ten | 04:10 → ten past four |
| quarter past | 2:15 → quarter past two | 05:15 → quarter past five |
| half past | 5:30 → half past five | 06:30 → half past six |
| to (var, sonraki saat) | 6:55 → five to seven | 07:40 → twenty to eight · 09:50 → ten to ten · 10:55 → five to eleven |
| quarter to | 8:45 → quarter to nine | 08:45 → quarter to nine |
a.m. / p.m.
a.m.: gece yarısı → öğlen · 04:20 am = four twenty a.m.
p.m.: öğlen → gece yarısı · 01:10 pm = one ten p.m.
Dijital okuma
Sayıları doğrudan oku: 02:20 = two twenty · 09:45 = nine forty-five
to kullanırken saat bir artar: 07:40 = twenty to eight.
Günler, aylar, mevsimler
What day is it today? — Today is Monday. / It is Monday today. · yesterday ← TODAY → tomorrow
Spring
March · April · May
Summer
June · July · August
Autumn / Fall
September · October · November
Winter
December · January · February
Aylar sırasıyla: January (1st), February, March, April, May, June, July, August (8th), September, October (10th), November, December (12th, last). Gün ve ay adları büyük harfle yazılır.
Ünitede zaman edatları ayrıca işlenmiyor; örneklerde geçenler: on Wednesday, in the morning, at 8:30, in summer.
Demonstratives & Singular–Plural Nouns
İşaret sıfatları ve zamirleri
Önce yakın mı uzak mı, sonra tekil mi çoğul mu diye karar ver.
Sıfat (determiner): + isim
This book is very interesting. (Bu kitap çok ilginç.)
These shoes are too tight. · Look at that car over there. · Those apples on the tree look ripe.
Zamir (pronoun): tek başına
This is my new phone. · That was a great movie.
These are your keys. (Bunlar senin anahtarların.) · Those are beautiful flowers.
Dikkat: uyum hataları
- These book are mine. → These books are mine.
- Those is my friends. → Those are my friends.
- These shirt looks nice. → This shirt looks nice. · This days → These days (bugünlerde)
Diğer kullanımlar
Kısa cevapta zamir değişir
this / that → it · these / those → they
Is that house dark? — Yes, it is.
Are these sandwiches delicious? — No, they aren’t.
What is that? — It is an ashtray.
Are those sheep or lambs? — They are sheep.
Telefonda ve tanıştırırken
Hello, this is John speaking.
Telefonda “I am John” denmez.
Who is that? / Is that Mary?
David, this is my friend Sue.
Düzenli çoğul
| Kural | Örnekler |
|---|---|
| Çoğu isim +s | car → cars · book → books · table → tables · day → days · mountain → mountains · owl → owls · choice → choices |
| -ch, -sh, -s, -ss, -x, -o → +es | watch → watches · brush → brushes · bus → buses · dress → dresses · box → boxes · tax → taxes · tomato → tomatoes |
| ünsüz + y → y düşer, -ies | baby → babies · city → cities · fly → flies · lady → ladies · army → armies · lorry → lorries |
| ünlü + y → yalnız +s | donkey → donkeys · boy → boys · day → days · key → keys |
| bazı -f / -fe → -ves | leaf → leaves · life → lives · shelf → shelves · knife → knives · thief → thieves · loaf → loaves |
Dikkat: istisnalar
Bazı -f sözcükleri düzenlidir: beliefs, chiefs, giraffes, proofs, roofs. taxi ünlüyle bitse de -s alır: taxis.
Düzensiz çoğul ve çift parçalı isimler
| man → men | woman → women | child → children |
| postman → postmen | policeman → policemen | person → people |
| foot → feet | tooth → teeth | goose → geese |
| sheep → sheep | deer → deer | ox → oxen |
Hep çoğul (iki parçalı) isimler
shorts · jeans · shoes · scissors · tights · pyjamas · pants · glasses · binoculars · trousers · tongs
My shoes are new. · Your jeans are dirty.
Tekil ↔ çoğul cümle çevirme
- This is an ox. → These are oxen. · This is a policeman. → These are policemen.
- Those lorries are fast. → That lorry is fast. · That knife isn’t sharp. → Those knives aren’t sharp.
- Who are those ladies? → Who is that lady? · Is this an apple tree? → Are these apple trees?
Çoğul yaparken a/an düşer; this → these, that → those, is → are olur.
Unit 5’in 3–8. slaytları (ana tablo, örnekler, Exercise 1 soruları) yalnızca görsel olduğu için metinde yok; yalnızca cevap anahtarları var. “Sentence choices 1–C 2–B…” anahtarının soruları da eksik.
Prepositions of Place & There is / There are
Yer edatları
| Edat | Anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| in | içinde | The ball is in the box. |
| on | üstünde (temas) | The book is on the table. |
| under | altında | The cat is under the chair. · The dog is sleeping under the bed. |
| behind | arkasında | The ball is behind the box. |
| in front of | önünde | The bag is in front of the door. · There is a garden in front of our house. |
| next to / beside | yanında | The bag is next to the door. · The supermarket is next to the bank. |
| between | (ikisinin) arasında | The post office is between the bank and the cinema. · I am sitting between Ali and Ayşe. |
| near | yakınında | There is a theme park near our school. |
| opposite | karşısında | The train station is opposite the shopping mall. · The cinema is opposite the restaurant. |
| above / over | yukarısında (temas yok) | The helicopter is flying over the city. |
Dikkat
next tek başına yer edatı değildir: next to the door. opposite’ten sonra of gelmez: opposite the mall. between iki şey ister: between A and B.
IN – ON – AT
IN = içinde
Şehir, ülke, köy · bina, oda · kap
Our house is in Bodrum. · in Turkey · We are in the theatre. · in the kitchen · My purse is in my bag. · The keys are in my pocket.
ON = yüzey
Yatay ya da dikey yüzey · cadde adı · ekran
My book is on the bed. · The picture is on the wall. · on the ceiling · on the floor · on Park Street · on TV · on the internet
AT = nokta
Belirli nokta · numaralı adres · kurum / etkinlik
My house is at 8 Park Street. · The bus stops at the zoo. · at the bus stop · at the door · at school · at work · at a party · at the reception
Numarasız cadde adı: on Park Street (Amerikan İngilizcesinde yaygın; İngiliz İngilizcesinde in Park Street de denir). The zoo is on Wall Street. in the Wall Street
There is / There are
Bir şeyin var olduğunu ya da bir yerde bulunduğunu söyler. En önemli soru: isim tekil / sayılamayan mı, çoğul mu?
| Tekil · sayılamayan | Çoğul | |
|---|---|---|
| Olumlu var | There is a computer on the table. There is some water in the fridge. (kısaltma: There’s) | There are ten people in the lounge. There are twenty computers in the lab. (There are kısaltılmaz) |
| Olumsuz yok | There isn’t a bank near here. There isn’t any money in my account. | There aren’t any cars outside. There aren’t any posters in the room. |
| Soru | Is there a pencil in the pencil holder? Is there any salt in the soup? | Are there two dogs under the tree? Are there any flowers in the garden? |
| Kısa cevap | Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. | Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t. |
Dikkat: sayılamayan = tekil
water, money, time, milk, music, traffic → hep there is.
There is too much traffic today. · There is some money on the table.
Dikkat: listede ilk isim karar verir
There is a book and three pens on the desk.
There are three pens and a book on the desk.
Çeviri örnekleri
- Dükkânda birkaç mavi gömlek var. → There are some blue shirts in the shop.
- Çayda hiç şeker yok. → There isn’t any sugar in the tea.
- Sınıfta hiçbir öğrenci yok. → There aren’t any students in the classroom.
- Çorbada hiç tuz var mı? Evet, var. → Is there any salt in the soup? Yes, there is.
There is vs. It is / They are
There is/are varlığı tanıtır; ardından o şey hakkında bilgi vermek için tekilde it is, çoğulda they are kullanılır.
- There is a table in my room. → It is an old table.
- There is a dog in the garden. → It is my son’s dog.
- There are two chairs in my room. → They are white and black.
Ünite sırası: önce sayı (tekil / çoğul), sonra yer (where?). Practice 1 ve Practice 6 resme dayalı olduğu için soruların bir kısmı metinde yok.
Quantifiers
İsim türü ve miktar
Countable → one, two, three
a/an veya sayı alır, çoğul olur.
an egg · a cat · an architect · two houses · three students · five cows
Uncountable → miktar
a/an ve sayı almaz, çoğul eki almaz, fiili tekildir (is / was / has).
water · coffee · bread · money · information
- Liquids
- water · coffee · tea · lemonade · fruit juice · oil · mineral water
- Food
- salt · pepper · meat · cheese · bread · flour · jam · honey · rice
- Materials
- wood · gold · silver · plastic · crystal
- Abstracts
- knowledge · love · fear · anger · beauty · advice
- Others
- homework · information · money · furniture · news · hair · rain · snow · litter · luggage · work
Sayılabilir yapmak için: a carton of milk, a slice of bread, a packet of sugar, a bowl of cereal, a loaf of bread, a kilo of meat, a can of coke, a piece of cake, a litre of juice → çoğul: two slices of bread, four loaves of bread, five kilos of cheese.
How much vs How many
HOW MUCH + sayılamayan
How much money have you got?
How much jam is there in the jar?
How much sugar do you need for the cake?
HOW MANY + sayılabilen çoğul
How many friends have you got?
How many people are there in the hall?
How many planets are there in our solar system?
Çoğunlukla there is / are ve have got / has got ile birlikte kullanılır.
Some · Any · No
| İsim türü | Cümle | Örnek | |
|---|---|---|---|
| some birkaç / biraz | sayılabilen çoğul + sayılamayan | olumlu; ayrıca teklif ve rica soruları | I have got some money. · There are some computers in the lab. · Can I have some tea, please? · Would you like some coffee? |
| any hiç / herhangi | sayılabilen çoğul + sayılamayan | olumsuz ve soru | Is there any milk in your coffee? · Have you got any close friends? · She hasn’t got any money. |
| no hiç … yok | her ikisi | yapı olumlu, anlam olumsuz | We have got no books. · There is no food at home. · I have no time today. |
Dikkat: not + no birlikte olmaz
We have got no books. = We haven’t got any books. · We haven’t got no books.
There are no hardworking students in this class. = There aren’t any hardworking students in this class.
Tekil sayılabilen isim → a / an: There is a tea glass on the table. · There isn’t an egg on my plate.
Much · Many · A lot of
MUCH
Sayılamayan · genelde olumsuz ve soru
I haven’t got much time. · There isn’t much milk. · Have you got much time? · Don’t put too much salt.
MANY
Sayılabilen çoğul · genelde olumsuz ve soru
My mother hasn’t got many dresses. · Are there many computers? · There aren’t many books in the library.
A LOT OF / LOTS OF
Her ikisi · özellikle olumlu
There is a lot of snow. · There are a lot of flags. · Thomas has got a lot of money. · There is a lot of cheese in the fridge.
A few · Few · A little · Little
| Sayılabilen çoğul | Sayılamayan | Anlam | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olumlu (az ama yeterli) | a few birkaç | a little biraz | He has got a few good friends. · We have got a little time to study. · I can speak a little English. |
| Olumsuz (yok denecek kadar) | few | little | I feel lonely because I have few friends. · The lemonade is sour because there is little sugar in it. |
Dikkat
a varsa olumlu, a yoksa “neredeyse hiç”. I have a little money, we can buy coffee. ↔ I have little money, I can’t afford this.
| Özet | Sayılabilen çoğul | Sayılamayan |
|---|---|---|
| Soru | How many | How much |
| Çok (olumsuz / soru) | many | much |
| Çok (olumlu) | a lot of | a lot of |
| Biraz | a few | a little |
| Biraz / hiç / yok | some / any / no | some / any / no |